Guides to IP addresses, Autonomous Systems and internet routing — what an IP reveals about the network behind it and how to investigate ownership.
An IP address on its own says little about who operates it. These guides explain the systems around it: Autonomous Systems and their numbers, BGP route announcements, and the registry data that links address blocks to organisations.
They focus on practical questions, such as telling a residential connection from a datacenter, grouping abusive traffic by network, and tracing a routing problem to the network that causes it. Registry and geolocation data can lag behind reality, and each article notes where that limits the conclusions you can draw.
To investigate an address yourself, use IP Lookup, ASN Lookup and WHOIS Lookup.
Practical guides for developers — Unix timestamps, time zones, date formats, encoding and the everyday data-handling mistakes that cause subtle bugs.
Practical guides to DNS records, caching and propagation, and the SPF, DKIM and DMARC records that decide whether your email reaches the inbox.
Practical security guides for developers — how SSL/TLS certificate chains work, why clients reject valid certificates, and how to fix HTTPS errors.